This chapter provides the values for the Energy Footprint indicators associated with each one of the items, assets, processes, and activities identified in the “Identification of SME’s related activities” document present in Annex 1. Namely the ones with respect to the main activities related to all SMEs administration, food and beverage services, construction sector, manufacturing industry and metal production, and chemical processes.
3.1. Definition of Energy Footprint
Energy footprint may be defined as an assessment of the impact brough by energy use associated to an asset (for instance, a product, territory or organization) within a specified space and time [17]. Energy footprint of an asset is considered a parcel of the ecological footprint of such asset [18].
Another indicator which may also be interpreted as part of the ecological footprint is carbon footprint, whose is much more common than energy footprint [19]. As the global energy system accounts for the major part of GHG emissions, carbon footprint is used in the place of energy footprint in research & development and societal studies [20]. However, not all GHG emissions are due to energy use, and as such the energy footprint-type indicators may be convenient to be used in determinate cases instead of carbon footprint.
Several indicators may be used to perform energy-related impact assessments, and as such be defined as energy footprint indicators. A common indicator (which is commonly set as the definition of energy footprint itself) is:
- The sum of all areas used to provide non-food and non-feed energy [21]; Or rather:
- The land required to absorb the GHG emissions [22].
In practice, such indicator may be difficult to be calculated with only a few data (a considerable quantity of parameters must be quantified to calculate such area). As such, other indicators may be defined and furtherly calculated. These are:
- Energy consumption within a determinate place and time (example of units: MJ/year, MWh/year);
- Energy consumption per quantity of produced good (example of units: MJ/kg, MWh/kg);
- Energy consumption per quantity of produced monetary value (example of units: MJ/€, MWh/€);
- GHG emissions associated to energy use within a determinate place and time (example of units: kg CO2,eq/year).
The calculation of the aforementioned indicator according to formulas relating literature and online available data with the respective indicators is presented in Table 9.
Table 9- Formulas for the calculation of Energy Footprint indicators
|
Indicator |
Equation |
|
Yearly Productive Area (PA) |
Energy Consumption (J/year) PA (m2/year) = 2 Energy Productivity (J/m ) |
(1) |
|
Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) |
Energy Consumption (J/year) SEC (J/kg) = Quantity of Production (kg/year) |
(2) |
|
Energy per Monetary Value (EMV) |
Energy Consumption (J/year) EMV (J/€) = Revenue (€/year) |
(3) |
|
Energy-associated GHG Emissions |
GHG (kg CO2,eq/year) = Energy Consumption (J/year) × Emission Factor (J/kg CO2,eq) |
(4) |
While the equations (1) – (3) subsist essentially on data proper to items & assets (such the energy consumption and revenue measured during the time frame of, for instance, one year), equation (4) also subsists on tabled data on equivalent carbon dioxide emission factors [23,24]. These indicators may be calculated for total energy consumption (based on the final energy consumption measured for each item/ asset) or for each respective energy use parcels (for instance, natural gas, electricity, oil and coal), with the energy-associated GHG Emissions having to be obligatorily calculated for each energy source in specific and then the total GHG Emissions resulting of the sum of the respective parcels. These indicators may be calculated based on data gathered from literature and online available databases [25–27,29,30].
3.2. Energy Footprint of administrative activities
In the context of the SMEnergy project, the energy footprint indicators for the identified items and activities/processes must be calculated through indirect methods, namely through the gathering of energy/fuel demand/consumption data. In Error! Reference source not found.0, the power fuel/demand associated with each previously identified administrative activities is presented.
Table 10- Determination of Energy Footprint indicators for selected administrative activities
|
Activities |
Devices |
Energy source |
Target groups |
Profession |
Power/Fuel Demand |
Reference s |
|
Operational Activities |
Printer |
electricity |
All SMEs |
Administratio n |
Laser printer: 600-800W |
[17] |
|
Heating/Cooling |
Air conditioning |
electricity |
All SMEs |
N/A |
3000-4000W |
[18], [19] |
|
Lightening |
Lights |
electricity |
All SMEs |
N/A |
60-100W (depending on the power of the bulb used) |
|
|
Operational Activities |
Internet/TV Suplpiers |
electricity |
All SMEs |
Administratio n |
Interner router: 5-15W |
[20] |
|
Operational Activities |
Computers |
electricity |
All SMEs |
Accountant, programmer |
High-end Desktop: 150W, Low-end desktop: 40W, Laptop: 30W |
[21] |
|
Operational Activities |
Mobile phone |
electricity |
All SMEs |
Sales, Marketing |
Phone charger: 4-7W |
[22] |
|
Operational Activities |
Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) |
electricity |
All SMEs |
System Administratio n |
1000VA UPS: 1000W , 1500VA UPS: 150W |
|
|
Operational Activities |
Servers |
electricity |
All SMEs |
System Administratio n |
1000W |
[23] |
|
Presentation |
Projector |
electricity |
All SMEs |
System Administratio n |
300W |
[24] |
|
Presentation |
Big Screen TV |
electricity |
All SMEs |
System Administratio n |
TV LED 65″: 100W |
[25] |
|
Presentation |
Microphones |
electricity |
All SMEs |
System Administratio n |
30-96mW |
[26] |
|
Presentation |
Audio equipment |
electricity |
All SMEs |
System Administratio n |
50W |
[27] |
3.3. Energy Footprint of Construction sector processes
Construction is an energy-intensive sector foe SMEs. In the context of the SMEnergy project, the energy footprint indicators for the identified items and activities/processes must be calculated through indirect methods, namely through the gathering of energy/fuel demand/consumption data. In Table 11, the power fuel/demand associated with each previously identified construction sector activities/processes is presented.
Table 11- Determination of Energy Footprint indicators for selected Construction processes and items
|
Activities |
Devices |
Energy source |
Target groups |
Profession |
Power/Fuel Demand |
References |
|
Operational Activities |
Vibrators to settle and compact concrete |
electricity |
Construction SMEs |
Construction SMEs staff |
Standard size: 2000-4000W |
[24] |
|
Operational Activities |
Water Pump |
electricity |
Construction SMEs / All SMEs |
Construction SMEs staff |
250-4000W (depending on the model) |
[25] |
|
Operational Activities |
Power Hammers and Drills |
electricity |
Construction SMEs |
Construction SMEs staff |
800-1200W |
[26], [27] |
|
Operational Activities |
Saws |
electricity |
Construction SMEs |
Construction SMEs staff |
1200-1400W |
[28] |
|
Operational Activities |
Concrete Batching Plant |
electricity |
Construction SMEs |
Operator |
7000-14000W |
[29] |
|
Driving / Operational Activities |
Concrete Boom Placers |
fuel |
Construction SMEs |
Drivers/staff in consruction company |
0.39- 0.52L/m3 |
[30] |
|
Driving / Operational Activities |
Concrete Tanks |
fuel |
Construction SMEs |
Drivers/staff in consruction company |
15-17L/h |
[31] |
|
Driving / Operational Activities |
Construction trucks |
fuel |
Construction SMEs |
Drivers/staff in consruction company |
Dump trucks (class 8): 38L/100km |
[32] |
3.4. Energy Footprint of food and beverage services and manufacturing
There are several SMEs operating in Food and beverage sector. The food and beverage sector could be divided in food and beverage manufacturing and food and beverage services, i.e., hotels, bars, restaurants, etc. In the context of the SMEnergy project, the energy footprint indicators for the identified items/assets and activities/processes must be calculated through indirect methods, namely through the gathering of energy/fuel demand/consumption data. In Table 12, the power fuel/demand associated with each previously identified construction sector activities/processes is presented.
Table 12- Determination of Energy Footprint indicators for selected food and beverage processes and items
|
Activities |
Devices |
Energy source |
Target groups |
Profession |
Power/Fuel Demand |
Reference s |
|
Washing/ Operational |
Laundry |
electricity |
Food & Beverage services SMEs |
Hotels staff |
500W |
[17] |
|
Washing/ Operational |
Washing machine / Dishwashers |
electricity |
Food & Beverage services SMEs |
Hotels / restaurant staff |
1200-1500W |
[17] |
|
Cooking |
Coffee machine |
electricity |
Food & Beverage services SMEs |
Hotels / restaurant staff |
800-1500W |
[21] |
|
Storage |
Fridges |
electricity |
Food & Beverage services SMEs |
Hotels / restaurant staff |
100-220W |
[17] |
|
Cooking |
Ovens |
electricity |
Food & Beverage services SMEs |
Chefs |
2150W |
[17] |
|
Cooking |
Microwave |
electricity |
Food & Beverage services SMEs |
Chefs |
600-1700W |
[17] |
|
Cooking |
Grill |
Electricity/ga s |
Food & Beverage services SMEs |
Chefs |
1500 W (average) |
[33] |
|
Serving |
Steam Tables |
electricity |
Food & Beverage services SMEs |
Hotels / restaurant staff |
1500-3000W |
[34] |
|
Operational Activities |
Fridge and Freezers |
electricity |
Food & Beverage services SMEs |
Hotels / restaurant staff |
150-400W |
[17] |
|
Cooking |
Deep-Fryers |
electricity |
Food & Beverage services SMEs |
Hotels / restaurant staff |
1000W |
[17] |
|
Operational Activities |
Ice Machines |
electricity |
Food & Beverage services SMEs |
Hotels / restaurant staff |
400-600W |
[35] |
|
Water Heating |
Boilers |
electricity |
Food & Beverage services SMEs |
Hotels / restaurant staff |
1200-1300W |
[17] |
|
Operational Activities |
Ventilation |
electricity |
Food & Beverage services SMEs |
Hotels / restaurant staff |
Restaurant ventilation system: 1500-2000W / Each exhaust commercial fan: 60 – 120W |
[36] |
|
Operational Activities |
Filtration System |
electricity |
Food & Beverage manufacturing SMEs |
Food & Beverage manufacturin g staff |
Cold food: 0.014-0.036 MJ/kg, Hot food: 0.38 MJ/kg |
[37] |
|
Operational Activities |
De-oiling System |
electricity |
Food & Beverage manufacturing SMEs |
Food & Beverage manufacturin g staff |
Palm oil: 1.1MJ/kg, Rapeseed: 1.3MJ/kg, Soy beans: 1.14- 1.25ML/kg |
[37] |
|
Operational Activities |
Ambient Air Cooler |
electricity |
Food & Beverage manufacturing SMEs |
Food & Beverage manufacturin g staff |
Meat: 0.1-0.2MJ/kg, Hotpies: 0.62MJ/kg, Potatoes: 0.26- 0.34MJ/kg, Milk: 0.02- 0.1MJ/l, Cheese: 0.41MJ/kg |
[37] |
|
Cooking |
Ovens |
Electricity/ga s |
Food & Beverage manufacturing SMEs |
Food & Beverage manufacturin g staff |
Bread & rolls: 4.07MJ/kg, Biscuits & crackers: 4.17MJ/kg, Cakes: 0.94MJ/kg, Frozen bakery products: 1.34MJ/kg |
[37] |
|
Cooking |
Fryers |
Electricity/ga s |
Food & Beverage manufacturing SMEs |
Food & Beverage manufacturin g staff |
8.78 – 11.11MJ/kg |
[37] |
|
Cooking |
Cooking Systems |
Electricity/ga s |
Food & Beverage manufacturing SMEs |
Food & Beverage manufacturin g staff |
1.2 – 8.1MJ/kg |
[37] |
|
Storage |
Storage and Handling System |
electricity |
Food & Beverage manufacturing SMEs |
Food & Beverage manufacturin g staff |
Meat: 1.39 – 2.11MJ/kg, Paultry: 1.5MJ/kg, Carrots: 0.72MJ/kg, Vegetables: 1.41MJ/kg, Green peas: 1.36MJ/kg |
[37] |
|
Operational Activities |
Weighers |
electricity |
Food & Beverage manufacturing SMEs |
Food & Beverage manufacturin g staff |
2W |
[38] |
|
Operational Activities |
Electronic Dosing Machines |
electricity |
Food & Beverage manufacturing SMEs |
Food & Beverage manufacturin g staff |
Slicing: 0.13MJ/kg, Shaping: 0.23MJ/kg |
[37] |
|
Operational Activities |
Sorting machines |
electricity |
Food & Beverage manufacturing SMEs |
Food & Beverage manufacturin g staff |
Biscuits & crackers: 0.02MJ/kg |
[37] |
|
Operational Activities |
Liquid filling machines |
electricity |
Food & Beverage manufacturing SMEs |
Food & Beverage manufacturin g staff |
20kW |
[38] |
|
Operational Activities |
Metal Detectors |
electricity |
Food & Beverage manufacturing SMEs |
Food & Beverage manufacturin g staff |
1-2kW |
[39] |
|
Operational Activities |
Cutting machines |
electricity |
Food & Beverage manufacturing SMEs |
Food & Beverage manufacturin g staff |
Meat: 0.22 – 0.3MJ/kg |
[37] |
|
Operational Activities |
Filling machines (cans) |
electricity |
Food & Beverage manufacturing SMEs |
Food & Beverage manufacturin g staff |
0.5 – 2.41MJ/l |
[37] |
|
Operational Activities |
Sterilization Machinery |
electricity |
Food & Beverage manufacturing SMEs |
Food & Beverage manufacturin g staff |
0.13 – 0.31MJ/kg |
[37] |
|
Operational Activities |
Drying |
electricity |
Food & Beverage manufacturing SMEs |
Food & Beverage manufacturin g staff |
Milk: 3 – 7.5MJ/l, Sugar: 1.51MJ/kg, Cereals: 4.6 – 5.7MJ/kg, Cheese: 3.5MJ/kg, Soy beans: 0.47MJ/kg, flour: 43.29 – 46.89MJ/kg, Potato flakes: 25.4 – 42MJ/kg |
[37] |
|
Operational Activities |
Labelling- Automatic Labeller |
electricity |
Food & Beverage manufacturing SMEs |
Food & Beverage manufacturin g staff |
3kW |
[40] |
|
Operational Activities |
Packing Machines |
electricity |
Food & Beverage manufacturing SMEs |
Food & Beverage manufacturin g staff |
Bread & rolls: 0.28MJ/kg, Biscuits & crackers: 0.36MJ/kg, Cakes: 0.19MJ/kg, Frozen bakery products: 0.27MJ/kg, Tomato juice: 0.19MJ/kg, Cheese: 0.26 – 0.65MJ/kg, Milk: 0.1- 0.2MJ/kg |
[37] |
|
Operational Activities |
Mixing |
electricity |
Food & Beverage manufacturing SMEs |
Food & Beverage manufacturin g staff |
0.09 – 0.27MJ/kg |
[37] |
|
Operational Activities |
Ferment |
electricity |
Food & Beverage manufacturing SMEs |
Food & Beverage manufacturin g staff |
Pastry: 0.67MJ/kg, Beer: 0.17MJ/l |
[37] |
|
Operational Activities |
Pasteurisation |
electricity |
Food & Beverage manufacturing SMEs |
Food & Beverage manufacturin g staff |
Milk 0.19MJ/kg Tomato juice: 0.02MJ/l, Fruit juice: 0.08MJ/kg |
[37] |
3.5. Energy Footprint of Metal Production Industries
The Metal Production industries prominently include the Iron & Steel industry and the Aluminium industry. Within the performed energy research studies, there has not been any study that directly assesses the energy footprint of metal production assets in the context of the European Union. As such, energy footprint indicators must be calculated through indirect methods, namely through the gathering of energy and revenue-related data. In Table 13, the power fuel/ demand (associated to the required further energy footprint calculation) associated to each identified activity of the Metal Production assets are presented.
Table 13- Determination of Energy Footprint indicators for selected Metal Production industries assets
|
Actvities |
Devices |
Energy source |
Target groups |
Profession |
Power/Fuel Demand |
|
Operational Activities |
Plate procesing |
electricity |
Metal processing SMEs |
Metal processing SMEs staff |
2.836 – 5.790 GJ/ton |
|
Operational Activities |
Drilling machines |
electricity |
Metal processing SMEs |
Metal processing SMEs staff |
0.65 – 0.80 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Robotic cuting machines |
electricity |
Metal processing SMEs |
Metal processing SMEs staff |
1.385 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Sawing machines |
electricity |
Metal processing SMEs |
Metal processing SMEs staff |
52.4 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Painting machines |
electricity |
Metal processing SMEs |
Metal processing SMEs staff |
16 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Shot blasting machines |
electricity |
Metal processing SMEs |
Metal processing SMEs staff |
10 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Punching machines |
electricity |
Metal processing SMEs |
Metal processing SMEs staff |
6.9 – 11.0 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Shearing machines |
electricity |
Metal processing SMEs |
Metal processing SMEs staff |
4.5 – 5.5 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Milling machines |
electricity |
Metal processing SMEs |
Metal processing SMEs staff |
100 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Grinding Machine |
electricity |
Metal processing SMEs |
Metal processing SMEs staff |
5.22 – 14.50 MW |
|
Operational Activities |
Shaper Machines |
electricity |
Metal processing SMEs |
Metal processing SMEs staff |
0.35 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Lathe Machine |
electricity |
Metal processing SMEs |
Metal processing SMEs staff |
3.68 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Broaching Machines |
electricity |
Metal processing SMEs |
Metal processing SMEs staff |
0.33 – 0.67 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Shearing machine |
electricity |
Metal processing SMEs |
Metal processing SMEs staff |
15 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Hobbing Machines |
electricity |
Metal processing SMEs |
Metal processing SMEs staff |
110 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Sintering |
fuels |
Metal processing SMEs |
Metal processing SMEs staff |
145 – 150 MJ/ton |
|
Operational Activities |
Coke Ovens |
fuels |
Metal processing SMEs |
Metal processing SMEs staff |
23 – 24 GJ/t |
|
Operational Activities |
Blast Furnace |
fuels |
Metal processing SMEs |
Metal processing SMEs staff |
1.8 – 11.6 GJ/ton |
|
Operational Activities |
Basic Oxygen Furnace |
fuels |
Metal processing SMEs |
Metal processing SMEs staff |
11 GJ/ton |
3.6. Energy Footprint of Chemical Process Industries
The Chemical Process industries (which the most accurate term to refer to Chemical Industry) includes Petrochemical industry and Pharmaceutical industry. Similar to the Metal Production industries, there has not been any study that directly assesses the energy footprint of Chemical Process assets in the context of the European Union. As such, energy footprint indicators must be calculated through indirect methods. In Table 14, the power fuel/ demand (associated to the required further energy footprint calculation) associated to each identified activity of the Chemical Production assets are presented.
Table 14- Determination of Energy Footprint indicators for selected Chemical Process industries assets
|
Actvities |
Devices |
Energy source |
Target groups |
Profession |
Power/Fuel Demand |
|
Operational Activities |
Kettles |
electricity |
Chemical industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
2 – 4 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Tanks |
electricity |
Chemical industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
5.9 – 367.0 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Vacuum Pans |
electricity |
Chemical industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
18.5 – 90.0 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Agitators |
electricity |
Chemical industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
1.44 – 2.98 W |
|
Operational Activities |
High Shear Mixers |
electricity |
Chemical industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
22 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Fluid Transfer |
electricity |
Chemical industry/All Manufacturing Industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
1.50 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Mixers |
electricity |
Chemical industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
1.44 – 2.98 W |
|
Operational Activities |
Blenders |
electricity |
Chemical industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
1.44 – 2.98 W |
|
Operational Activities |
Hot Air Generator |
electricity |
Chemical industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
10 – 1000 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Evaporators |
electricity |
Chemical industry/All Manufacturing Industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
40 – 80 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Dryers |
electricity |
Chemical industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
1.8 – 5.0 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Humidity and temperature control units |
electricity |
Chemical industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
0.21 – 0.25 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Stills |
electricity |
Chemical industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
2.8 MW |
|
Operational Activities |
Reactors for distillation |
electricity |
Chemical industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
91 GW |
|
Operational Activities |
Fluid beds and blenders |
electricity |
Chemical industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
1.44 – 2.98 W |
|
Operational Activities |
Water heating |
electricity |
Chemical industry/All Manufacturing Industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
35 – 70 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Ventilation |
electricity |
Chemical industry/All Manufacturing Industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
7.5 – 375 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Refrigeration |
electricity |
Chemical industry/All Manufacturing Industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
72 – 266 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Reactors for distillation |
electricity |
Chemical industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
91 GW |
|
Operational Activities |
Water heating |
fuels |
Chemical industry/All Manufacturing Industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
35 – 70 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Evaporators |
fuels |
Chemical industry/All Manufacturing Industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
40 – 80 kW |
|
Operational Activities |
Chemical reactors |
fuels |
Chemical industry/All Manufacturing Industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
91 GW |
|
Operational Activities |
Cracking |
fuels |
Chemical industry/All Manufacturing Industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
3 – 18 GJ/ton |
|
Operational Activities |
Rotary dryers |
fuels |
Chemical industry/All Manufacturing Industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
7.88 – 15.08 GJ/ton |
|
Operational Activities |
Rotary kilns |
fuels |
Chemical industry/All Manufacturing Industry |
Staff Chemical industry |
4 – 5 GJ/ton |