This chapter will represent an identification & mapping of all items & assets related to SMEs’ operations that entail energy consumption: buildings, car fleet, machinery & other assets engaged in their operations. To each item/asset identified, indicative energy characteristics are to be associated: form/source, class, management systems, consumption levels, and efficiency. With the aim to achieve the specific objectives of the task PR1/T2, a literature review is set to be elaborated on the three identified sectors: Food & Beverage, Iron & Steel Production and Construction. As a reason of convenience, this document is divided into three sections: Items & Assets Identification and Energy sources, Energy Consumption Levels and Management systems.

 

2.1. Contextualization

The three approached sectors in this document, Food & Beverage, Iron & Steel Production and Construction, are characterized by the existence of a high number of small and medium enterprises (SME), this is, the majority of the companies that are part of each of the sectors are SME’s rather than large players. The objective of this document is to identify and characterize items & assets which are typically installed in the respective workplaces (for instance, plants and buildings) of each sector, thus within the context of SME’s that make part of majority of the existing companies. In Error! Reference source not found., it is performed a correspondence of the share of SME’s for each sector.

Table 1- Association of share of SME’s over total number of companies for each identified sector

 

Sector	Share of SME’s over total number of companies	Ref.
Food & Beverage	99%	[1]
Iron & Steel Production	90 – 95%	[2]
Construction	99%	[3]

 

 

2.2. Items & Assets Identification and Energy sources

 

Energy-related items & assets are assumed to be in the elaboration of this document all the energy- using processes, units and technologies that are currently inserted on the workplaces in which one of the identified sectors operate. In Error! Reference source not found., the energy-using units in each identified sector are identified and characterized in terms of final energy source. Such characterization was retrieved from the information present on several sectorial-based scientific publications and reference documents [4–6]. For each item/ sector, an ID was associated to conveniently identify these items/ assets in further parts of the document.

Table 2- Characterization of items & assets for each of three identified sectors

 

ID	Process	Final Energy Source
Food & Beverage Sector
FB1	Materials Reception and Preparation	Electricity (Sorting, screening and washing) Fuels (Thrawing)
FB2	Size reduction, mixing and forming	Electricity
FB3	Separation techniques	Electricity (Extraction, centrifugation, sedimentation and filtration) Fuels (Distillation)

 

FB4	Product processing technologies	Electricity (Water level adjustment only) Fuels
FB5	Heat processing	Fuels
FB6	Concentration by heat	Fuels
FB7	Chilling and freezing	Electricity
FB8	Post processing operations	Electricity
FB9	Utility processes	Electricity Fuels (Heating and Cooling purposes)
Iron & Steel Production Sector
MP1	Raw Materials Preparation (Sintering and Coke Production)	Fuels
MP2	Ironmaking	Fuels
MP3	Steelmaking	Electricity (Electric furnace) Fuels (Basic Oxygen Furnance)
MP4	Rolling	Electricity
MP5	Finishing	Electricity
Construction Sector
C1	Mineral extraction, product and material manufacture	Electricity Fuels (Combustion-processes only)
C2	Transport of products and materials	Fuels
C3	Construction and demolition	Fuels
C4	Transport related to construction and demolition	Fuels
C5	Transport of secondary and recycled materials	Electricity

 

C6	Transport of wastes from product and material manufacture	Electricity
C7	Transport of construction and demolition waste	Fuels

 

2.3. Energy Consumption Levels

 

The determination of energy consumption levels for the items & assets existing in the workplaces of each identified sector allows to establish a characterization in terms of improvement at the level of the optimisation of energy supply and demand (either by energy efficiency improvement or renewable energy integration). In Error! Not a valid bookmark self-reference. – Error! Reference source not found., the characterization of each sector in terms of energy consumption levels is presented. Such characterization was proceeded with the aim to characterize the most possible each identified item/ asset in particular. For the sectors in which characterization is not possible due to the lack of specific data for those items/ assets, a correspondence was made between the identified items/ assets to most generic energy-using units which are typically identified in benchmark documents developed for the sectors. Such characterization was retrieved from the information present on several sectorial- based scientific publications and reference documents, as well as energy consumption data and sectorial databases [4,6–10].

Table 3- Characterization of energy use for the items/ assets of the Food & Beverage sector

 

Targeted Item/ Asset				Energy Consumption per enterprise (MWh/year)	Share of Energy Use
	Refrigeration	FB7		339.25	28.03
Electricity- using units	Electric Motors	FB1 FB2 FB3	FB4 FB8	270.70	22.37

 

Lightning			48.26	3.99
Compressed air	Plant-level		33.58	2.77
Miscellaneous uses			7.69	0.64
Combustion-based processes	FB4 FB5	FB6 FB9	510.70	42.20
Total			1210.18

 

 

Table 4- Characterization of energy use for the items/ assets of the Iron & Steel Production sector

 

	Targeted Item/ Asset	Energy Consumption per enterprise (MWh/year)	Share of Energy Use
Fired heaters	MP1 MP2 MP3	14385.31	81%
Motor systems	MP4 MP5	1243.18	7%
Steam production	All MP’s	1243.18	7%
Facilities	Plant-level	532.79	3%
Miscellaneous processes	Plant-level	355.19	2%
Total		17759.65

 

Table 5- Characterization of energy use for the items/ assets of the Construction sector

 

	Item/ Asset	Energy Consumption per enterprise (MWh/year)	Share of Energy Use
C1	Mineral extraction, product and material manufacture	15.82	50.78%
C2	Transport of products and materials	6.56	21.06%
C3	Construction and demolition	1.73	5.56%
C4	Transport related to construction and demolition	3.50	11.24%
C5	Transport of secondary and recycled materials	3.34	10.72%
C6	Transport of wastes from product and material manufacture	0.04	0.13%
C7	Transport of construction and demolition waste	0.16	0.52%
	Total	31.16

 

 

2.4. Management systems

 

The management system of the energy system of plants/ buildings (which may be defined as all the chain starting from each final energy source to the end-use item/ asset) may be planned based on a sequence of four steps [11]:

1. Monitoring: Gather data on each parameter of the operation of a plant/ building that affects energy use;
2. Analysis: Dispose the gathered data to analyse current energy consumption;

3. Control: Develop and execute a plant to install in real-life operations a set of identified improvement measures;
4. Gains sustainability: Guarantee that the benefits brought by the previously implemented plant do persist throughout a significant amount of time.

The implementation of energy management systems in plants/ buildings of each one of the identified sectors thus passes by the identification and further implementation of several decarbonisation measures and technologies. In Error! Reference source not found. – Error! Reference source not found., a set of improvement measures/ technologies are identified and characterized for each sector. These measures/ technologies are associated the most possible to the identified items/ assets. While such association was proceeded bearing in mind whether the measure in cause has been operationally identified to be implemented in the context of an item/ asset in specific, in some cases such association is proceeded more generically (for instance, bearing in mind the final energy source that is used in an item/ asset and the final energy source that is set to be optimised with the implementation of a technology/ measure). Such characterization was retrieved from the information present on several sectorial-based scientific publications and reference documents [4,12–16].

Table 6- Characterization of technologies for improved energy management in the Food & Beverages sector

 

Measure/ Technology	Potential	Targeted Item/ Asset
Energy Efficiency Improvement
Process optimisation	20.44 GWh/ year energy savings 5.340 kton CO2,eq/ year reduction 2.8 – 9.7 years payback period	All FB
Waste heat recovery	12.32 GWh/ year energy savings 3.220 kton CO2,eq/ year reduction 2.4 – 5.6 years payback period	FB4 FB5 FB6

 

Hot/ cold utility supply optimisation systems	21.23 GWh/ year energy savings 5.535 kton CO2,eq/ year reduction 1.7 – 18.0 years payback period	FB9
Heat pump systems	0.07 GWh/ year energy savings 0.02 kton CO2,eq/ year reduction 7.8 years payback period	FB7
Absorption chilling systems	0.66 GWh/ year energy savings 0.17 kton CO2,eq/ year reduction 3.2 years payback period	FB7
Renewable Energy Resources & Cogeneration
Solar thermal systems	3.72 GWh/ year energy savings 0.97 kton CO2,eq/ year reduction 14.9 – 45.9 years payback period	FB4 FB5 FB6 FB9
Biomass fuel systems	1.415 GWh/ year energy savings 0.37 kton CO2,eq/ year reduction 6.6 – 26.8 years payback period	FB4 FB5 FB6 FB9
Photovoltaic (PV) systems	0.50 GWh/ year energy savings 0.15 kton CO2,eq/ year reduction 13.7 years payback period	FB1 FB2 FB3 FB4	FB7 FB8 FB9
Combined Heat & Power (CHP) systems	64.90 GWh/ year energy savings 15.415 kton CO2,eq/ year reduction 1.1 – 3.6 years payback period	All FB

 

Table 7- Characterization of technologies for improved energy management in the Iron & Steel Production sector

 

Measure/ Technology	Potential	Targeted Item/ Asset
High temperature air combustion	20 – 30% thermal efficiency increase	MP1 MP2 MP3
Top-pressure recovery turbine	30 kWh electricity savings/ ton of produced material	MP3 MP4 MP5
Dry deducting and recovery	30% of electricity savings for top-pressure recovery turbine 5 – 8% improvement in the lower heating value of fuels	All MP’s
Coke dry quenching	95 – 105 kWh of electricity savings/ ton of produce material	MP3 MP4 MP5
Waste heat recovery (including fuel and electricity savings)	122.12 – 203.53 MWh of fuel savings/ ton of produced material 53.7% electricity savings	All MP’s
Process optimisation (heat transfer enhancement)	6 – 24% thermal efficiency improvement	MP1 MP2 MP3
Energy-efficient machines	50% electricity savings (plant-level)	MP3 MP4 MP5

 

Table 8- Characterization of technologies for improved energy management in the Construction sector

 

Measure/ Technology	Potential	Targeted Item/ Asset
Space planning	65% electricity savings (Lighting purpose) 10% reduction of heating and cooling demands	All C’s
Thermal insulation of exterior walls	25% of heating and cooling demands	All C’s
Improvement of daylight incidence	33% electricity savings	Building-level
Warm air heat recovery	25 – 50% total energy savings	All C’s
High-efficiency light-bulbs	15% electricity savings	Building-level